BIHAR
Complete State Profile (2026) – UPSC | SSC | Judiciary | State PCS | Banking
1. Introduction
- State Name: Bihar
- Formation: 22 March 1912 (separated from Bengal Presidency)
- Reorganized: 15 November 2000 (formation of Jharkhand)
- Capital: Patna
- Largest City: Patna
- Official Languages: Hindi and Urdu
2. State Symbols
- State Animal: Gaur (Indian Bison)
- State Bird: House Sparrow
- State Tree: Peepal
- State Flower: Kachnar
3. Geography
- Area: 94,163 sq. km
- Population (2011 Census): 10.4 Crore
- Literacy Rate: 61.80%
Borders
- North – Nepal
- East – West Bengal
- West – Uttar Pradesh
- South – Jharkhand
4. Major Rivers
- Ganga
- Kosi
- Gandak
- Son
- Punpun
- Bagmati
- Mahananda
- Falgu
5. Important Cities
- Patna
- Gaya
- Muzaffarpur
- Bhagalpur
- Darbhanga
- Purnia
- Begusarai
6. Constitutional & Political Setup (2026)
- Governor: Arif Mohammed Khan
- Chief Minister: Nitish Kumar
- Deputy Chief Ministers: Samrat Choudhary and Vijay Kumar Sinha
7. Important Cabinet Ministers (Major Portfolios)
| Portfolio | Minister |
|---|---|
| Chief Minister | Nitish Kumar |
| Deputy Chief Minister (Finance) | Samrat Choudhary |
| Deputy Chief Minister (Road Construction) | Vijay Kumar Sinha |
| Education | Sunil Kumar |
| Health | Mangal Pandey |
| Rural Development | Shravan Kumar |
8. Legislature
- Lok Sabha Seats: 40
- Rajya Sabha Seats: 16
- Legislative Assembly: 243 Seats
- Legislative Council: 75 Members
9. High Court
- Patna High Court
- Established: 1916
10. Economy
Major sectors:
- Agriculture
- Food Processing
- Dairy
- Sugar Industry
- Handloom
- Tourism
Major crops:
- Rice
- Wheat
- Maize
- Sugarcane
- Pulses
- Litchi
- Banana
- Makhana
11. Ancient Dynasties
Haryanka Dynasty
- Famous ruler: Bimbisara
- Ajatashatru
Shishunaga Dynasty
Nanda Dynasty
- Founder: Mahapadma Nanda
Maurya Dynasty
- Founder: Chandragupta Maurya
-
Great rulers:
- Bindusara
- Ashoka
Gupta Dynasty
- Founder: Sri Gupta
-
Great rulers:
- Samudragupta
- Chandragupta II
Pala Dynasty
- Great patrons of Buddhism.
- Established the famous Vikramshila University.
12. Famous Historical Personalities
- Gautama Buddha
- Mahavira
- Chanakya
- Aryabhata
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad
- Jayaprakash Narayan
- Kunwar Singh
13. Tourist Attractions
- Mahabodhi Temple (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
- Nalanda Mahavihara (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
- Vikramshila University
- Golghar
- Takht Sri Patna Sahib
- Vaishali
- Rajgir
14. Famous For
- Ancient Kingdom of Magadha
- Birthplace of Jainism (Mahavira)
- Land of Buddha's Enlightenment
- Mahabodhi Temple
- Nalanda University
- Vikramshila University
- Maurya Empire
- Gupta Empire
- Ashoka the Great
- Chanakya
- Aryabhata
- Chhath Puja
- Madhubani (Mithila) Painting
- Litchi of Muzaffarpur
- Makhana
- Sattu
- Silk of Bhagalpur
- Takht Sri Patna Sahib
- Sonpur Cattle Fair
- Bodh Gaya Pilgrimage
- Rich Buddhist, Jain, Sikh, and Hindu heritage
15. Lesser-Known Facts
- Bihar was the centre of the ancient Magadha Empire, one of the most powerful kingdoms in Indian history.
- Nalanda Mahavihara was one of the world's first residential universities, attracting students from across Asia.
- Mahabodhi Temple marks the place where Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment.
- Bihar is the birthplace of the Maurya and Gupta Empires, often regarded as India's first great imperial powers.
- The Ashokan Pillars in Bihar are among the earliest surviving examples of polished stone architecture in India.
- Madhubani Painting, a globally recognized folk art, originated in the Mithila region of Bihar.
- Bihar is India's largest producer of makhana (fox nuts).
- The Sonpur Fair is one of Asia's oldest and largest traditional fairs.
- Vaishali is associated with the world's earliest known republican system of governance.
- The Bihar School of Yoga, founded in Munger, is internationally known for yoga education.
16. Important Historical Timeline
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| c. 6th century BCE | Rise of Magadha |
| c. 322 BCE | Maurya Empire established |
| c. 268 BCE | Reign of Ashoka |
| 1912 | Bihar separated from Bengal Presidency |
| 1936 | Odisha separated from Bihar |
| 2000 | Jharkhand carved out of Bihar |
17. One-Liner Facts for Competitive Exams
- Capital: Patna
- Largest City: Patna
- State Animal: Gaur (Indian Bison)
- State Bird: House Sparrow
- State Flower: Kachnar
- State Tree: Peepal
- Largest River: Ganga
- Lok Sabha Seats: 40
- Rajya Sabha Seats: 16
- Legislative Assembly: 243 Members
- Legislative Council: 75 Members
- Governor (2026): Arif Mohammed Khan
- Chief Minister (2026): Nitish Kumar
- Famous Festival: Chhath Puja
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Mahabodhi Temple and Nalanda Mahavihara
- Famous Art: Madhubani Painting
- Famous Agricultural Products: Muzaffarpur Litchi, Makhana, Bhagalpur Silk
- Ancient Name: Magadha
- Known As: The cradle of Buddhism, Jainism, and several of ancient India's greatest empires.
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